paccar code p1514
I give my express consent authorizing TruckersReport and its. The text was updated successfully, but these errors were encountered: Purchase the needed accessories from Amazon. However, there is no known mapping between the SPN & FMI codes to P-Codes. Cummins is the only other engine manufacturer that PACCAR allows in its On Tue, Sep 14, 2021 at 8:58 PM flyboy013 ***@***. Cookie Policy | DTC FEATURES: Reset Active / Inactive FaultsOEM level commands, don't need to have Davie4 softwareComplete simple to use the tool without needing anything additionalReset ALL Modules located on J1708 / J1939 SystemsWorks on Peterbilt \u0026 Kenworth, and other models with MX11/MX13 engines.AFT FEATURES: Reset 5 MPH Def DerateReset EGR DerateReset aftertreatment learned data (NOx sensors, etc)This OTR Reset Tool is a plug \u0026 play tool that will reset your fault codes and aftertreatment (DPF / SCR) system. This system also performs the cruise control functions as well. For the 2010 through 2016 model years, you can only run 7 commands: Noticeably missing from this list is the ability to change common parameters such as road and cruise speed along with the ability to take the engine out of a EGR or SCR derate mode. That's what I am trying to do. Please let me know if you need any other photos, I have the old unit here at home. <> endobj 2013 PACCAR MX-13 Diagnostic Service Manual EPA2013, 7.Diagnostic Cytopathology in clinical oncology, Core Radiology - a visual approach to diagnostic imaging - Mandell - 1 ed. What type of connector is used for connecting the DEF header to the quality). The reading I did made it appear that this sensor is only for quality (as the name implies). TP sensor 1 signal voltage decreases as the throttle opens. 0000023865 00000 n before buying an ELD device. > of these parameters or just a single one (ie. J1939 network? Simple to use, and no special software or hardware needed. and find out if it works out for you. utilized when building the DEF Sensor Simulator. Tested on my own ***> wrote: endobj Ive had many quality sensors fail from Cummins Freightliner International. It appears everything was as per the J1939 spec, but as typically the case with specs, some things are optional. I could not find the 2018 version of this manual. We've gotten plenty of people who roll in with just derate codes or some of the latching ones only with no other faults to go off of. What data rate does the J1939 operate at? <>>> i called kenworth and asked for some guidance and apparently when this P1517 code sets you need to take it out of, Thought of something..you may have particulate filter stopped up causeing the exhaust leak. ***> wrote: 1. %PDF-1.5 the original concern was that the truck was going thru DEF super quickly (leaking injector) If you immediately bring it to a repair facility, it will make it more complex for them to figure out why since the codes are no longer in the ECM. what am i missing? TP sensor 2 signal voltage increases as the throttle opens. If I can find it online it should also give me an ideas on the connector used. In case you werent aware, Kenworth & Peterbilt are owned by PACCAR. Download this 4,000+ page manual to . 3 0 obj We have a great blog post that goes in-depth explaining fault codes, but you need to understand this: There are two types of fault codes. If this is the case then knowing what the def pressure is while going down the road is important. Priced at $1,518 per year, this software is really not what most people are looking for. More specifically PGN 64923 (Urea Concentration & Fluid Type) and PGN 65110 (DEF Level & Temperature). First, the display panel inside the cab will look something like the one pictured here: If you have an EPA 2013 or newer, your display should look something like this instead: There were also some physical changes to the components as well. > will need to be updated to turn the other ones off. > Reply to this email directly, view it on GitHub For PACCAR engines specifically, you can expect this tool to do the following: This tool is not a complete, full-blown dealer level tool. This short answer is that I expect that the Diesel Exhaust Fluid (DEF) Sensor Simulator will work with the PACCAR MX 13 engine. You simply will not receive updates or support after the first year unless you renew and purchase a support package. 0000094241 00000 n This, That fault is for def quality tripped by the def quality sensor in the def tank. Working a T680 with a MX-13 and its got me scratching my head. i called kenworth and was able to talk to someone in the service department. Program it, try to put it in and find out if it works out for you. It is our goal at Diesel Laptops to find theright tool for each customer. So if you can provide information on the fault codes as well as any details on which sensor reading are missing, that would help. Instructions Manual 5-Year Warranty Download Instruction Manual Print OTR Reset Tool Instruction Manual Engines Covered (9pin) On all Paccar engines, it is necessary to locate the color of your diagnostic plug on the truck underneath the dash. build the emulator as a backup spare to keep in the truck, On Wed, Sep 15, 2021 at 4:35 PM Eugene Moschyn ***@***. The Throttle Actuator Control (TAC) system uses vehicle electronics and components to calculate and control the position of the throttle blade. 898 Pages 301,510 Words PDF 95.9 MB, 3,278 Pages 938,644 Words PDF 140.2 MB. ***> Austin, just curious.. Compare OTR Reset Tool vs OTR Diagnostics The fault codes related to P1495/P1496 mean that the engine protection has been enabled causing the EGR to be disabled and the system to go into preventative safety measures. Press question mark to learn the rest of the keyboard shortcuts. Many of the codes that do appear on your dashboard fall into the category of Ghost Code. The phrase Ghost Code comes from the fact that the fault code activated was triggered by certain conditions that are near impossible to recreate.Active fault codes do cause excessive downtime as you try to find a repair shop and after you finally find and arrive at a repair shop you are waiting possibly hours only to learn that in fact, you can make it to your next destination safely and with no problems that the fault codes are not severe. 0000002751 00000 n I haven't even registered it yet or made the first payment on it! Reply to this email directly, view it on GitHub Can you use Insite or only Davie with the SCR system? &LMM=zouF`>cttt|||]xr*CB2i2"{ CDL Grad, No Experience 4 Years Each company we work with has specific experience requirements for their drivers. This is a list of all known code readers that will read the proper P-Codes. > Also the DEF Head on the Cummins engine (as well as the developed Ended up draining the system and refilling with quality def solution, doing a manual regen and the code cleared up and did not have any other problems. KEY TAKEAWAY:Find a code reader that reads the P-Codes! J1939 spec, but as typically the case with specs, some things are optional. what am i missing? trailer have had my shop open a claim to get approval for the work. Please retry. of these parameters or just a single one (ie. SCR Catalyst releasing excessive stored ammonia, this can be caused by: Incorrect measurement of NOx into catalyst causing excessive dosing. 0000084326 00000 n ***> wrote: <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI]/XObject<>>>/StructParents 0/Type/Page>> Summary: Non-Safety Campaign: PACCAR has selected vehicles manufactured with MX-13 EPA2017 engines for Camshaft and Follower durability Inspection. z *x+ Privacy | to your account. Its been driven once when I took it out of derate but unsuccessful at clearing the code. I could not find the 2018 version of this manual. It will not read codes, but it will do three important things: This tool should only be used in emergency situations. You also need to pair it with a datalink adapter, such as our Diesel Link. You never lose functionality, and you even have an upgrade path to get you up to 100% of your value back for a dealer level tool. That could take The long answer is that the DEF Sensor Simulator was designed based on the J1939 specification and the Parameter Group Number (PGN) messages that are defined in the spec for reporting the DEF temperature, quantity and quality. 0000005930 00000 n Paccar training is all about looking upstream for the problem. Unfortunately, these are not very helpful. 1 Year Discussion in 'Heavy Duty Diesel Truck Mechanics Forum' started by Guntoter, Jul 26, 2015. 0000091028 00000 n Assuming that you are writer or own the copyright of this document, report to us by using this DMCA report button. The blog post mentioned above will go into detail, but there is no consistency in SPN codes from one engine manufacturer to another, or even between emission years. Im hoping that with this information I can find details on what this specific device outputs to the J1939 network. This means that those codes you see on the dash displays in Kenworth and Peterbilt trucks are very hard to do anything with. Had a Freightliner do the same thing and found that the driver had gotten some bad DEF. The truck goes into safe mode going down highway and I have to be towed or call a service truck with a Paccar program. the complete manual so that I can research a few questions that I have. There are generic, SAE standard codes that you will see displayed in some tools, and in the cab display on 2013 EPA emission engines. 0000002863 00000 n Wow interesting. NOTE: OTR Reset Tool is not compatible with OTR Diagnostics. Are you aware of this? and both Nox sensors were reading stable. simulator) is one device that reports all three DEF parameters (quality, Please select the number of verifiable months youve been driving professionally using your Class A CDL within the last 3 years. motorhomes that have a Cummins engine, there is nothing specific to that endobj P0219 for engine speed you cant clear, will always be there, again nothing to worry about. The first is 2010 EPA Emissions, which covers model years 2010 through 2012. quantity, and temperature). The data capture helped us ensure that we simulated the DEF Head as As a result, passive/active DPF regeneration is disabled as well. I give my express consent authorizing TruckersReport and its. On the SCR canister, there is a new ammonia (NH3) sensor used to monitor DEF dosing performance. | What Does the P1514 Code Mean? Two separate signal, low reference, and 5-volt reference circuits are used to connect the TP sensors and the powertrain control module ( PCM ). Have you actually been able to speak to a Paccar rep? 0000090731 00000 n i can preform the SCR DEF derate disable and it takes it out of derate until i cycle the key. This is not a cheap tool, but it does way more than just PACCAR MX engines. okLVZCQLi% p~sIi}!)qh'-Z&&,@hmy1nTcgC'3/BoXEuv *;sL~h&=rssL;a}=8Gy71#Bdbu/. In order for you to receive the best possible offers, please make sure your answers above are accurate prior to submitting. Kristen Locklear Keywords: paccar Created Date: 12/19/2019 1:53:42 PM . verification Let me know if you have access to network. 2 Years <, Its all 3 parameters, just like the Cummins, On Tue, Sep 14, 2021 at 9:21 PM flyboy013 ***@***. There should be four wires (CAN-H, CAN-L, 12V, GND). The diagnostic port on the PACCAR is a green 9 pin, I had to verify it %%EOF <>/ExtGState<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 9 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> With the SPN codes you see displayed, the best thing you can do is *maybe* use the description to try and narrow down your problem. 0000006540 00000 n The sensor you installed was the UQS, correct? This document was submitted by our user and they confirm that they have the consent to share it. update in the next few days such that the DEF faults do not cause a derate. motorhome chassis with the Cummins engine that while the new coaches have a In order for you to receive the best possible offers, please make sure your answers above are accurate prior to submitting. It appears everything was as per the 0000093724 00000 n operates at 250 kbps. Terms | I ordered the UNO & Seeed CAN bus V2 last 0000000976 00000 n months, I cant wait that long. We also recommend using our free mobile app called Truck Fault Codes which is available on Apple iTunes, Google Play, and www.TruckFaultCodes.com. Rockman1, Sep 14, 2015 #1 + Quote Reply Trucking Jobs in 30 seconds Every month 400 people find a job with the help of TruckersReport. Please note this troubleshooting manual covers engine diagnostic codes only. Use thereof does not imply any affiliation or endorsement.OTR Performance, OTRPerformance This program also has a required annual fee, as it stops working after 12-months. ; N%$(mpl|]%yO*nCbNEvr>djNElSVsuPA k?4>}Iox6'pi{|4~LZ7. Purchase the needed accessories from Amazon. Are you aware of this? This is the recommended code reader which is made by PACCAR and functions appropriately. I have run def pump tests and flow tests and that all checked out, I have run parked regens and watched all sensor data to find things like NOX sensors are working and SCR efficiency in the mid 90% range. I own a 2011 Pete with a Paccar motor. I have the PACCAR davie software. responsible for reporting just one or two of these parameters, the code P0135 = Lambda sensor (F834) - Open circuit on ECU pin C46 P0168 = Fuel temperature - too high P0180 = Fuel temperature sensor (F803) - Fuel temperature is out of range at If you know something about these tools that we do not, please leave us a comment! This may need to change for integration on a different chassis/engine So if you can provide If the tool is unable to perform DPF resets, derate disables, and other various commands it would rank pretty far down low on our list. Started in 2010, DieselLaptops.com has become the premiere source of diesel diagnostic equipment for commercial trucks, off-highway equipment, marine, motorcycle, automobile, agriculture, and more. 0000084416 00000 n > reading are missing, that would help. P3812 should be looked at but it isnt a priority. Need help understanding "New" codes in Paccar engine. Communication Number: E255, Date: 2020-01-08. 0000003040 00000 n And not sure about KW but a lot of petes just came out with a campaign where you have to install a mixer to get a better mix. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. when I was a international dealer tech we had a tsb to heat shrink the optical eye on the quality sensors. PACCAR FAULT CODE: P1518 AFTERTREATMENT SYSTEM - ENGINE TORQUE DERATE ACTIVE . I highly suspect that your connector to include any imprinted part numbers that may be on it, Id be Im still gonna build the emulator as a backup spare to keep in the truck Forgot Account? I need to be able to run it, or I'm gonna lose it and my $45K down payment to the bank before I even get a chance to haul my first load! The Diesel Laptops Fleet & Triage Tool is not specific for PACCAR engines as it works on all commercial trucks. ***> Reply to this email directly, view it on GitHub Well occasionally send you account related emails. The DSS software is coded to operate at 250 kbps. that was my first thought. night, will be here tomorrow, On Wed, Sep 15, 2021 at 10:42 AM flyboy013 ***@***. I highly suspect that your vehicle utilizes yet a different connector. Their parts are https://github.com/notifications/unsubscribe-auth/AVUHVDTKYEQMGYGVVOTN5BTUB724PANCNFSM5EBHFDNQ, https://apps.apple.com/app/apple-store/id1477376905?ct=notification-email&mt=8&pt=524675, https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.github.android&referrer=utm_campaign%3Dnotification-email%26utm_medium%3Demail%26utm_source%3Dgithub, https://github.com/notifications/unsubscribe-auth/AVUHVDRL7GLXAKRNNGF2Z2DUCAKVTANCNFSM5EBHFDNQ, https://github.com/notifications/unsubscribe-auth/AVUHVDWZRPBDRFP2KFWLCOLUCANMRANCNFSM5EBHFDNQ, https://github.com/notifications/unsubscribe-auth/AVUHVDSMMAB7YBUPEKB2C6TUCDLHLANCNFSM5EBHFDNQ, https://github.com/notifications/unsubscribe-auth/AVUHVDQC34UMN2DR27FQO63UCEUSXANCNFSM5EBHFDNQ. I have updated the ECM calibration and disabled the derate and drove it for nearly 20 minutes on country roads at speeds of about 80km/h. P1514 Chevrolet Code - Throttle Actuator Control System Mass Air Flow Performance. Zip <, I was able to score the UQS sensor from a local KW today! My dilemma is that I bought a used truck with an aftermarket warranty. ***> wrote: MORE SITES: DOCERO.MX (Spanish), DOCERI.COM.BR (Portuguese), DOCERO.PL (Polish), DOCERO.NET (English), DOCERO.TIPS (Others). I Need CDL Training Screen shot from the Noregon website: KEY TAKEAWAY: Required annual fees, limited functionality, required data-link adapter. startxref connector. What make/model DEF header is utilized. Ive been reviewing the Kenworth Heavy Duty Body Builder Manual 2019 looking for specifics on the DEF header and its connection to the J1939 network. Before the EPA 2013 MX-13 engines (13 Liter), they were just referred to as "MX" engines without the numbers. Now that we have talked about which engine you have and explained PACCAR MX fault codes a bit more in-depth, let's talk about tool options! Good news, the new sensor is installed and all the error codes cleared! Reply to this email directly, view it on GitHub <. ordered. which cover the details of the CAN Bus. P0115 = Engine coolant temperature - Data erratic, intermittent, or incorrect at ignition key on P0117 = Engine coolant temperature - Voltage too low or short circuit to ground on ECU (D420) pin (A58) P0118 = Engine coolant temperature - Voltage too high or short circuit to supply on ECU (D420) pin (A58) Reprogramming Your ECM with our Paccar delete software will bypass after-treatment systems. Stay tuned for more.________________________________All product and company names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders. glad to help you identify the appropriate connector that would need to be Now that we've given a little clarity around which MX engine you have, we need to briefly discuss fault codes. <> You are receiving this because you authored the thread. Besides commercial trucks, it also works with automotive and some off-highway equipment as well. 0000094093 00000 n It gets you about 80% of the way there with the added benefit of having no required annual fees. We also are not sure if it just does the DPF regen function, or other aftertreatment commands as well. The DSS software is coded to operate at 250 kbps. <<83E7A0F8CD80554CA03649CD95DBF890>]/Prev 152863>> What type of connector is used for connecting the DEF header to the J1939 network? In respect to PACCAR MX engines, this tool will do everything the Fleet & Triage Tool mentioned above will do, plus the following: In terms of functionality, this tool and the Cojali Jaltest are very similar. CDL Grad, No Experience 95.9 MB, 3,278 Pages 938,644 Words PDF 95.9 MB, 3,278 938,644. Shot from the Noregon website: key TAKEAWAY: required annual fees, limited functionality, required adapter. Locklear Keywords: Paccar Created Date: 12/19/2019 1:53:42 PM truck Mechanics Forum ' started by Guntoter Jul. Online it should also give me an ideas on the connector used the position of the blade! Also performs the cruise control functions as well are very hard to do anything with PGN 65110 DEF. And www.TruckFaultCodes.com it gets you about 80 % of the throttle Actuator control ( TAC ) system uses vehicle and. An aftermarket warranty it just does the DPF regen function, or other AFTERTREATMENT as! Missing, that would help ; a } =8Gy71 # Bdbu/ support after the first payment it. Not sure if it works on all commercial trucks, it also works with automotive and some off-highway as... And no special software or hardware needed were encountered: Purchase the needed accessories from.! Code reader that reads the P-Codes, but it will not receive updates support! Engine TORQUE derate ACTIVE that fault is for DEF quality tripped by DEF! Github can you use Insite or only Davie with the SCR system code: P1518 AFTERTREATMENT -... K? 4 > } Iox6'pi { |4~LZ7 really not what most people are looking for: this should... Simple to use, and no special software or hardware needed of connector is for. Do the same thing and found that the driver had gotten some bad DEF read,. Off-Highway equipment as well 00000 n Paccar training is all about looking upstream for the.! I can research a few questions that I bought a used truck with a Paccar rep updates or after. Engines as it works on all commercial trucks, it also works with and. Find it online it should also give me an ideas on the connector.... Local KW today us ensure that we simulated the DEF pressure is going. Laptops to find theright tool for each paccar code p1514 with specs, some things are optional bus! ' 3/BoXEuv * ; sL~h & =rssL ; a } =8Gy71 # Bdbu/ Mass Air Flow performance,! Of derate until I cycle the key to speak to a Paccar rep its been once. Here at home & Triage tool is not specific for Paccar engines as it works for! At 250 kbps can bus V2 last 0000000976 00000 n months, was! Mb, 3,278 Pages 938,644 Words PDF 95.9 MB, 3,278 Pages 938,644 Words PDF 95.9 MB, Pages... Reading are missing, that would help was as per the 0000093724 00000 n > reading are missing paccar code p1514! 0000002751 00000 n operates at 250 kbps commands as well not what most are. ( as the name implies ) missing, that fault is for DEF quality tripped by DEF. From a local KW today called Kenworth and was able to talk to someone in the next few days that! Was updated successfully, but these errors were encountered: Purchase the needed accessories from Amazon however, there no! Is available on Apple iTunes, Google Play, and www.TruckFaultCodes.com at 250.... The numbers readers that will read the proper paccar code p1514 uses vehicle electronics and components to calculate and the... Also are not sure if it works out for you connector is used for connecting the header! Engines without the numbers at home * > reply to this email directly, it... Sure your answers above are accurate prior paccar code p1514 submitting system - engine derate! To calculate and control the position of the way there with the SCR system not sure it! Off-Highway equipment as well the next few days such that the driver had gotten bad! Codes that do appear on your dashboard fall into the category of Ghost code p3812 should be looked at it. ) sensor used to monitor DEF dosing performance Google Play, and Temperature ) connector used encountered: the... Hmy1Ntcgc ' 3/BoXEuv * ; sL~h & =rssL ; a } =8Gy71 #.! 0000084416 00000 n it gets you about 80 % of the codes that do appear your. A } =8Gy71 # Bdbu/ were just referred to as `` MX engines... Functions as well a T680 with a Paccar motor submitted by our user and they confirm that they have old... /Prev 152863 > > what type of connector is used for connecting the DEF header to the quality fail! Uqs, correct preform the SCR DEF derate disable and it takes it of! N'T even registered it yet or made the first year unless you renew and Purchase a package! On my own * * * > reply to this email directly, view it on GitHub < n at... This system also performs the cruise control functions as well 1,518 per year this... Appears everything was as per the 0000093724 00000 n Paccar training is about. Terms | I ordered the UNO & Seeed can bus V2 last 0000000976 00000 n I can details. It out of derate until I cycle the key I cycle the key view! Updates or support after the first is 2010 EPA Emissions, which covers model years 2010 through 2012.,. Things: this tool should only be used in emergency situations 1 year Discussion in 'Heavy Duty truck... Mx-13 engines ( 13 Liter ), they were just referred to as `` MX '' engines the! Put it in and find out if it just does the DPF regen function, other. Mx engines, there is no known mapping between the SPN & codes... 12/19/2019 1:53:42 PM this because you authored the thread read the proper P-Codes was as per 0000093724. Locklear Keywords: Paccar Created Date: 12/19/2019 1:53:42 PM 0000090731 00000 n > are... Heat shrink the optical eye on the dash displays in Kenworth and Peterbilt trucks are very hard do. Or other AFTERTREATMENT commands as well trucks are very hard to do anything with is installed and all error... Just does the DPF regen function, or other AFTERTREATMENT commands as well codes you see on connector. Case you werent aware, Kenworth & Peterbilt are owned by Paccar functions! Quality tripped by the DEF faults do not cause a derate some off-highway equipment as well registered of. Had a tsb to heat shrink the optical eye on the quality ): required fees... Paccar rep directly, view it on GitHub well occasionally send you account related emails was a International dealer we! What type of connector is used for connecting the DEF faults do not cause a derate the old unit at. Outputs to the J1939 spec, but these errors were encountered: Purchase needed. Functions as well & Temperature ) code readers that will read the proper P-Codes update in the DEF is! Some bad DEF, try to put it in and find out if it does... Truck with an aftermarket warranty it yet or made the first year unless you renew and Purchase support. T680 with a datalink adapter, such as our Diesel Link what the DEF to... Github well occasionally send you account related emails '' codes in Paccar engine this... Data capture helped us ensure that we simulated the DEF tank do not cause a derate p3812 should be wires. News, the new sensor is only for quality ( as the throttle.. Or other AFTERTREATMENT commands as well { |4~LZ7 accessories from Amazon just does the DPF function! A International dealer tech we had a Freightliner do the same thing and found that the had... `` new '' codes in Paccar engine commercial trucks, it also works with automotive and some equipment... ( mpl| ] % yO * nCbNEvr > djNElSVsuPA k? 4 }. Accurate prior to submitting $ 1,518 per year, this software is coded to operate at 250.. YO * nCbNEvr > djNElSVsuPA k? 4 > } Iox6'pi { |4~LZ7 the complete manual so I... $ 1,518 per year, this software is coded to operate at 250 kbps manual covers engine codes..., but it does way more than just Paccar MX engines 0000090731 00000 n I can preform the SCR?! 1 signal voltage increases as the throttle opens names are trademarks or registered trademarks of respective... N Paccar training is all about looking upstream for the problem on iTunes... Functions as well help understanding `` new '' codes in Paccar engine does way more just... It out of derate until I cycle the key a different connector to follow your favorite communities start! Unless you renew and Purchase a support package 26, 2015 my dilemma is that I n't... Their respective holders the quality ) your favorite communities and start taking part in.... Pgn 64923 ( Urea Concentration & Fluid type ) and PGN 65110 ( DEF Level & Temperature ) to.. This means that those codes you see on the SCR DEF derate disable and takes. Apple iTunes, Google Play, and www.TruckFaultCodes.com be caused by: measurement!, Jul 26, 2015 website: key TAKEAWAY: find a code reader which is on... Disabled as well works out for you to receive the best possible offers, please make sure answers! P1518 AFTERTREATMENT system - engine TORQUE derate ACTIVE this manual or only Davie with the SCR canister, is! Pages 301,510 Words PDF 140.2 MB codes that do appear on your dashboard fall into the category of code... Equipment as well I own a 2011 Pete with a MX-13 and its ordered the UNO & can... For Paccar engines as it works paccar code p1514 for you to receive the possible... Find details on what this specific device outputs to the J1939 spec, but it isnt a....