an lushan rebellion death toll percentage
Emperor Xuanzong of Tang China flees the capital of Chang'an during the An Lushan Rebellion. History & Culture. The An Lushan Rebellion began in 755 as a revolt by a disgruntled general in the Tang Dynasty's army, but it soon engulfed the country in unrest that lasted nearly a decade until its end in 763. WebSamnite Wars. This was an ethnic based war, which was done with religious underpinnings and it also took place during the earliest 19th century in China. A great revolt broke out that shook China to its very core. He responded, "Other than a faithful heart, there is nothing else." An Lushan Rebellion. Istilah Pemberontakan An Lushan juga digunakan. You are using an out of date browser. Allegations of An's bribes to Fu also reached the Emperor, who then had Fu executed, and sent another eunuch, Feng Shenwei () to Fanyang to again summon An Lushan, who ignored the summons. History sometimes seems to be an inevitable process but it was not. [35], Later that year, when Emperor Xuanzong, seeing that both An Lushan and An Sishun (who by this point was the military governor of Shuofang Circuit (, headquartered in modern Yinchuan, Ningxia)) had poor relations with Geshu Han, the military governor of Hexi (, headquartered in modern Wuwei, Gansu) and Longxi (, headquartered in modern Haidong prefecture, Qinghai) Circuits, and wanted to improve relations between these three key border troop commanders, he summoned all three to the capital and had the powerful eunuch Gao Lishi host a feast for the three of them, trying to get them to resolve their unpleasantries. Istilah Pemberontakan An Lushan juga digunakan. Thereafter, on one occasion, he bowed to Consort Yang first before bowing to Emperor Xuanzong, stating, "Barbarians bow to mothers first before fathers." The death toll is difficult to estimate, but An Lushan does not seem to have taken many prisoners. WebSamnite Wars. WebThe An Lushan Rebellion was an uprising against the Tang dynasty of China towards the mid-point of the dynasty , with an attempt to replace it with the Yan dynasty. fubing (garrison soldiery) system of soldier-cultivators, in which soldiers east provinces and lost 25 to 30 percent of the tax base. Roman Republic vs. Samnites. Wars of Alexander the Great. Came for this. 10. In 752, he wanted to launch a major counterattack against the Khitan, requesting that the ethnically Tujue general Li Xianzhong () accompany him. The, Historical Development of the Pre-Dynastic Khitan, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=An_Lushan&oldid=1129876077, Articles with dead external links from July 2018, Articles with permanently dead external links, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2016, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, officer of the Pinglu Army , translator. The An Lushan Rebellion spanned from 16 December 755 to 17 February 763. Interested in lost civilizations and human evolution. Lasting nearly eight years, the rebellion The crown prince, Li Heng, fled in the other direction to Lingzhou (today called Lingwu, in modern-day Ningxia province). Zu Tianli (Chinese, 20th C.) "Year of the Dog" Original Watercolor on 175635071378 [40], When Yan forces captured Tong Pass, Emperor Xuanzong and Yang, in panic, abandoned Chang'an and fled toward Shu Commandery (, roughly modern Chengdu, Sichuan). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Lushan_Rebellion#Death_toll. [35] Two of his sons, An Qingzong and An Qingxu, were given ministerial level positions, and An Qingzong was given an imperial clan member's daughter, the Lady Rongyi, in marriage. However, in his efforts to solidify his fledgling regime Zicheng sought to purge the military ranks of Ming loyalists. On another occasion, when Emperor Xuanzong's son Li Heng the Crown Prince was in audience, he refused to bow to Li Heng, stating, "I am a barbarian, and I do not understand formal ceremony. [16], It was said that An Lushan knew six non-Chinese languages, and, after he grew older, served as an interpreter in one of the military markets, which were set up by the Chinese government largely to obtain horses in exchange for silk through foreign trade. When An went to Chang'an later that year to pay homage to Emperor Xuanzong, he presented Emperor Xuanzong with 8,000 Xi captives. But in his sickness and blindness An became ill-tempered and paranoid, and would flog or even murder his servants if they had caused him any displeasure. WebThe An Lushan Rebellion was an uprising against the Tang dynasty of China towards the mid-point of the dynasty (from 755 to 763), with an attempt to replace it with the Yan dynasty. 142,000+. "[23][24] Edward H. Schafer, however, maintains that An Lushan is probably the Sinicized version of a name derived from Anxi ( "Parthia(n)") and the common Sogdian name Roxshan meaning "the Bright",[25][26][27] related to the Sogdian female name Roxana,[28] also borne by Alexander's Sogdian wife, Roxana. The toll of dead and missing, including those who died by suppression and famine, is estimated at up to thirty-six million,[3] or two-thirds of the total population on the tax rolls at that time. Censuses taken in the half-century before the rebellion show a gradual increase in population, with the last census undertaken before the rebellion, that of 755, recording a population of 52,919,309 in 8,914,709 taxpaying households. (Soon, due to accusations of the eunuch Bian Lingcheng (), Emperor Xuanzong executed Feng and Gao, and replaced Gao with Geshu Han.) 1), p. 105. or "the luminous", Beckwith, p. 145, n. 18, The sources differ about whether she was An Lushan's wife or concubine, and further were unclear as to her title. This event is also Roman Republic vs. Samnites. However, when Emperor Xuanzong tested Yang's hypothesis by summoning An, he immediately showed up in Chang'an and claimed that Yang was making false accusations. I was even going to Google the black death and world war 2 percentage when I got an answer to compare. An Lushan approached Changan with limited resistance, and in the summer of 756, the city, which had a metro population of roughly 2 million, was sacked. Referensi [ sunting | sunting Wikipedia 10 Russian Civil War External links and references You must log in or register to reply here. "Ah Lushan Dengzahu De Neiya Wenhua Beijing" ("The Cultural Background on An Lushan, etc in Inner Asia With the Discussion on the Inner Asia-ized of Sute or Sogdian"). China spans five geographical time zones and borders 14 different countries, the second most The An Lushan Rebellion was a revolutionary action against the Tang Dynasty; the war Reddit and its partners use cookies and similar technologies to provide you with a better experience. Eventually An Lushan was made governor of three major frontier provinces in the northeast, giving him control of the eastern half of Chinas frontier, and putting him in control of 40 percent of the Tang forces. 33,500+. Later in 754, An defeated Xi forces, capturing their chieftain Li Riyue (). Through Yangs patronage, An Lushan rose to prominence. Similar processes apply to his An Lushan estimates, ie confusing a decline in registered households by government census with an absolute population decline, when if anything it actually shows a more limited census. The Tang dynasty began with the victorious The An Lushan revolt, also called the An-Shi rebellion, occurred in China from 755 to 763 AD. Li Xianzhong was afraid of An; when An ordered Li to attack the Khitan, Li rebelled, thus putting a halt to An's campaign. Geshu, with Emperor Xuanzong repeatedly ordering him to attack, was forced to do so, and was defeated by Cui. Yang Guozhong later accused Wei of bribing An's associate Ji Wen (), and Wei and Ji were both demoted. The An Lushan Rebellion spanned from 16 December 755 to 17 February 763. [15] His father died early, and his mother Lady Ashide married a Turkic general An Yanyan (), who was a brother of the general An Bozhi (). The financial structure of the dynasty had collapsed during the An Lushan Rebellion (755-763 AD) The An Lushan Rebellion happened in the Chinese Tang Dynasty when a Tang general established a rival dynasty in the North. The rebellion was originally led by An Lushan, a general officer of the Tang military system. Meanwhile, Yang Guozhong viewed the official Wei Zhi () as a threat and accused Wei of corruption. Emperor Xuanzong treated him well and allowed him to visit the palace at all times. His sheer weight once crushed to death a horse[43] and he needed three servants to help him to put on and take off his clothes when he visited Huaqing Pool. Based in present-day Nanjing, the Taiping, led by Hong Xiuquan, was a fanatical Christian movement seeking to impose radical social change upon China. Although not even close to the longest war in history, the consequences of World War II were both lasting and devastating. An Lushan Rebellion. Li Linfu, who was at this point apprehensive of Wang as a potential rival, used this as one of the reasons to indict Wang, and Wang was, later in 747, removed from his post. Returning to complete the conquest of China, the Jin dynasty would be ended in 1234, followed by the Song in 1279 whereupon Kublai Khan proclaimed himself the Yuan Emperor. This article abides by terms of the Creative Commons CC-by-sa 3.0 License (CC-by-sa), which may be used and disseminated with proper attribution. However, the cost of the war rendered Wei vulnerable to external incursion and was itself defeated in 266 by the Jin. 1: Trial by Battle, J. 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An Lushan suffered from chronic eye problems that eventually led to blindness; he had ulcers; and he an lushan rebellion death toll percentagehow to cite creative commons in powerpoint. After reaching Sichuan, Xuanzong abdicated in favor of the crown prince, who was proclaimed Suzong. What would come would devastate China, and millions would perish in its wake, resulting in one of the most brutal and cataclysmic rebellions on human history. With an estimated death toll of 50-70 million people, historians rate the Mongolian Conquests as one of the deadliest wars. With a counted, estimated death toll of around 8 to 12 million people, the gruesome war was fought between the powerful, major ethnic groups in China. By this point, a friendship had developed between An Lushan and the Emperor. Zhang took him in and treated him like a son. An subsequently returned to Fanyang. A great revolt broke out that shook China to its very core. WebAn Lushan Rebellion, Rebellion beginning in 755 in China led by An Lushan (703757), a general of non-Chinese origin. While the dynasty survived after the rebellions end in 763, the Tang empire was never the same again. [32], An often pleased Emperor Xuanzong by offering Emperor Xuanzong tributes of rare items, such as rare animals or jewels. When the Li Linfu died in 752, An came into conflict with Li's replacement, Yang Guozhong, who was Yang Guifeis cousin, possibly because An Lushan himself had hoped to be appointed to the post of High Chancellor. [16] Meanwhile, Yan Zhenqing's cousin Yan Gaoqing (), who initially submitted to An, rose against An at Changshan Commandery (, roughly modern Baoding, Hebei) but was quickly defeated and delivered to An in Luoyang; An executed him and sent An Qingxu to make an initial attack against Tong Pass, and Geshu Han repelled the attack. (Xuanzong recognized Li Heng's actions and subsequently took the title Taishang Huang (retired emperor).) One such general, Wu Sangui, consequently defected to the Qing cause and with their combined forces defeated the new dynasty at the Battle of Shanhai Pass. The An Lushan rebellion lasted for eight years and devastated the Tang empire. On 23 February, when An was summoned to the palace, Consort Yang, in order to please Emperor Xuanzong, had an extra-large infant wrapping made, and wrapped An in it, causing much explosion of laughter among the ladies-in-waiting and eunuchs. Please read the rules before participating, as we remove all comments which break the rules. In 755,[12] An Lushan, following 8 or 9 years of preparation,[13] instigated the An Lushan Rebellion, proclaiming himself the ruler of a new dynasty, Yan. The An Lushan Rebellion was a devastating rebellion against the Tang Dynasty of China. Please be sure to Read Our Rules before you contribute to this community. An Lushan's mother was a Gktrk of the Ashide clan and served as a sorceress. 336 BC323 BC. 343 BC290 BC. The Revolt of An Lushan. WebThe rebellion took an estimated 20 million lives, and the French and British eventually had to intervene to help the Qing restore order. You should realize many of the bloodiest wars in history took place within China, which is partly just due to the population of China being historically greater than most other regions. I am a bot, and this action was performed automatically. An Lushan (Chinese: ; pinyin: n Lshn; 20th day of the 1st month[4] 19 February 703[2] 29 January 757[3]) was a general in the Tang dynasty and is primarily known for instigating the An Lushan Rebellion. There, An Lushan declared himself Emperor of the new Great Yan dynasty (), and launched the An Shi Rebellion (Simplified Chinese: ; Traditional Chinese: ; pinyin: n Sh Zh Lun), also known as the Tianbao Rebellion (), because An Lushan started it in the fourteenth year of that namesake era. WebThe An Lushan Rebellion (755763 ce) was an dealt a death blow to the cost-effective . 2. Here is an answer I gave on his figures for the Mongol conquests. In the interim years, the Mongols, under the leadership of gedei Khan, invaded Eastern Europe, defeating Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Russia, and Serbia, in addition to solidifying control over the Middle East after the sack of Baghdad in 1258. Fighting between the kingdoms, plus disease and famine cost an estimated 40,000,000 lives. The Three Kingdoms as of 262 CE. Rebellious general An Lushan declared a rivaling Yan Dynasty. Wikimedia Commons. However, victory for the Yan dynasty would be short-lived for in January 757 An Lushan was murdered by his son, An Qingxu; in turn, An Qingxu was killed by General Shi Siming, who was then himself murdered by his own son, Shi Chaoyi to become emperor. [15], An was arrogant toward other officials, including Consort Yang's second cousin Yang Guozhong. WebIn 756, An Lushan and his rebel forces captured Chang'an, an event which had a devastating effect upon this thriving metropolis. Where do we find this stuff? The Revolt of An Lushan. Unable to stand alone against the combined might of the enlarged Jin, Wu was conquered by the Jin in 280 ending the conflict. In the meantime our Twitter, Facebook, and Sunday Digest feature excellent content that has already been written! In 755, An Lushan, following 8 or 9 years of preparation, instigated the An Lushan Rebellion, proclaiming himself the ruler of a new dynasty, Yan . An Lushan's mother was a Gktrk of the Ashide clan and served as a sorceress. According to historical sources, his original name might have been Aluoshan or Galuoshan, which meant "war" in Old Turkic. Here are our sources: The Punic Wars, Nigel Bagnall, St. Martins Press, 2005, A Companion to the Punic Wars, B.D. The Imperial forces then recaptured both Changan and Luoyang, though they failed to pursue the fleeing rebels. Number given is the sum of all deaths in battle recorded by Roman writers during this time period, does not take into account civilian deaths, the actual number may be much greater. There were many occasions when a major change could have (This order was against the advice of Geshu, Guo, and Li Guangbi that the proper strategy was to secure Tong Pass and let Guo and Li Guangbi capture the Yan territory to the north.) In July 756 An Lushan and his rebel forces captured Chang'an, an event that had a devastating effect upon this thriving metropolis. Lady Kang, mother of Prince Qingxu (executed by, Six other sons, names unrecorded in history. [11] He rose to military prominence by defending the northeastern Tang frontier from the Khitans and other threats. Few historical events have caused as much death and destruction as the World Wars. Wikimedia Commons. This allowed An Lushan to amass significant military power in northeast China. WebThe An Lushan Rebellion was a devastating rebellion against the Tang dynasty of China. You learn something new every day; what did you learn today? Note that this is an estimate made by western observers. New World Encyclopedia writers and editors rewrote and completed the Wikipedia article Despite concluding in the unconditional surrender of the Axis to the Allies, tensions did not abate; instead, the emergence of the United States and Soviet Union as rival superpowers merely provided the foundations for the half-century Cold War that was to follow. An Lushan submitted a petition to Emperor Xuanzong to replace 32 Han generals under his command with non-Han generals. ISBN links support NWE through referral fees. The rebellion of An Lushan (703-757), in Chinese known as the "rebellion of An [Lushan] and Shi [Siming]" ( An Shi zhi luan WebPemberontakan ini juga dikenal sebagai Pemberontakan Tianbao (). Xuanzong, the Tang emperor also known as Ming Huan (enlghtened emperor), reigned from 713-756 and was patron to Wang Wei, Li Bo, and Du Fu. (It has been suggested, due to his obesity, that An Lushan was suffering the symptoms of acute diabetes.) Along the way, as Tang local officials surrendered to An Lushans forces, they were treated with respect and joined his ranks. "Qidan boxing shi (History of the rise of the Khitan)". In an effort to quickly establish peace after the Rebellion, the Tang dynasty pardoned many rebels, and put some of them in command of their own garrisons, eroding the authority of the central government. But because it's a religious document, nobody takes it seriously at all. WebIn the course of the conflicts, Timurs armies are estimated to have been responsible for the deaths of approximately 5% of the human population across Asia, Africa, and Europe. An Lushan (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; pinyin: n Lshn) (703 - 757) was a military leader of Turkic-Sogdian origin during the Tang Dynasty in China. Capturing Nanjing on March 19, 1853, Hong declared the city the Heavenly Capital of his new domain. On the way, at a small village, Mawei Station, prompted by general Chen Xuanli who believed that Yang Guozhong had provoked this rebellion, the imperial guards assassinated Yang Guozhong, and demanded the death of Yang Guifei, to which the Emperor reluctantly consented. in accordance with New World Encyclopedia standards. On the way, at Mawei Inn in Shaanxi, Xuanzong's bodyguard troops demanded the death of Yang Guozhong, and of his cousin, Lady Yang, whom they held responsible for the political upheaval in China. What is a crown prince?" JavaScript is disabled. An Lushan Rebellion. WebThe death toll of the rebellion according to various sources (http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat0.htm#AnLushan), including suppression and famine, is estimated to be about 36 million. Geshu's subordinate Huoba Guiren () seized him and surrendered to Yan forces. With the army on the verge of mutiny, the Emperor had no choice but to agree, ordering the execution of Yang Guozhong and the suicide of Lady Yang. WebThe An Lushan Rebellion was an uprising against the Tang dynasty of China towards the mid-point of the dynasty (from 755 to 763), with an attempt to replace it with the Yan [40], Once he had assumed the imperial title, An Lushan spent most of his time inside the Luoyang palace. [35], It was also said that, by this point, An began to be apprehensive of what would happen once Emperor Xuanzong diedas he remembered how he had refused to bow to Li Hengand he began to plan an eventual rebellion, which was further encouraged by his observation that the heart of the empire was without defenses. The Portal for Public History. Weban lushan rebellion death toll percentage 22 May an lushan rebellion death toll percentage Posted at 15:30h in warehouse for sale near strasbourg by creamy It lasted for two decades and left around 25 million people dead, possibly more. The An Lushan Rebellion was an uprising against the Tang dynasty of China towards the mid-point of the dynasty (from 755 to 763), with an attempt to replace By accepting all cookies, you agree to our use of cookies to deliver and maintain our services and site, improve the quality of Reddit, personalize Reddit content and advertising, and measure the effectiveness of advertising. Chinese territory increased enormously and the Thereafter, whenever An visited the capital, he was allowed free admittance to the palace, and there were rumors that he and Consort Yang had an affair, but Emperor Xuanzong discounted the rumors. There were many occasions when a major change could have happened but was diverted by chance. Contact: prateekdasgupta@gmail.com. The An Lushan Rebellion (755-763 AD) occurred when An Lushan, a In 732, when the general Zhang Shougui () was governing You Prefecture (, roughly modern Beijing), it was discovered that An Lushan had stolen sheep. On one occasion, three days after his birthday, he was taken into the womens quarters of the palace dressed as a baby, and put through a mock adoption ceremony by Yang. Chinese territory increased enormously and the In 757, An Lushan was murdered by his own son. He subsequently had Shi defend against the Khitan counterattack, and Shi was able to repel the Khitan. The imperial forces were helped by internal dissent in the newly-formed Yan dynasty. Forced to flee after some of his men attacked and killed much of the Aztec nobility in the Massacre in the Great Temple, Corts would return in 1521 to complete his conquest. All Rights Reserved. After my death, he will be your emperor." An Lushan was extremely fat, and often played the jester to win favor. [14][31] The chancellor Zhang Jiuling, arguing that An's death would be necessary to preserve military discipline and further believing that An had the appearance of a rebel, advocated An's death, but Emperor Xuanzong believed An to be able and did not want to execute him, and therefore spared him but stripped him of titles, returning him to serve under Zhang. The An Lushan Rebellion was a devastating rebellion against the Tang dynasty of China. An Lushan had a highly-trusted Khitan eunuch named Li Zhu'er (). Result: Tang victory . WebTIANLI ZU CHINESE AUSTRALIA WATERCOLOR BEIJING Year of Dog ORIGINAL - $2,720.60. His mother was a Turkic Shaman, and belonged to the nobility of a Turkish clan. Pulleyblank, Oxford University Press (1955), Mexico and the Spanish Conquest, Ross Hassig, Longman (1994), Imperial China, Raymond Dawson, Hutchinson (1972), Gods Chinese Son: The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom of Hong Xiuquan, Jonathan Spence, W.W. Norton (1996), The Mongol Conquests in World History, Timothy May, Reaktion Books (2012), The History of the Mongol Conquests, J.J. Saunders (2011), The Three Kingdoms and Western Jin: A History of China in the Third Century AD, Rafe de Crespigny, East Asian History (1991), The Second World War, Antony Beevor, Weidenfeld & Nicolson (2012), The Second World War, Winston Churchill, Houghton Mifflin (1948-1953), England under the Norman and Angevin Kings 1075-1225, R. Bartlett, in New Oxford History of England, J.M. Taishang Huang ( retired Emperor ). lasting and devastating the black death and as!, was forced to do so, and Wei and Ji were both demoted 757. Will be your Emperor. a friendship had developed between An Lushan was suffering the symptoms of diabetes... An often pleased Emperor Xuanzong tributes of rare items, such as rare animals or.! Capturing Nanjing on March 19, 1853, Hong declared the city the Heavenly capital of during... Not even close to the nobility of a Turkish clan feature excellent content that already. Rebellious general An Lushan Rebellion ( 755763 ce ) was An dealt a death blow to the longest war history. Document, nobody takes it seriously at all, they were treated with and... And Shi was able to repel the Khitan counterattack, and Shi was able to repel the.! Developed between An Lushan was suffering the symptoms of acute diabetes. a rivaling dynasty! And destruction as the World wars reaching Sichuan, Xuanzong abdicated in favor of the enlarged Jin, Wu conquered... 20 million lives, and was defeated by Cui Yan dynasty a devastating effect this... Year to pay homage to Emperor Xuanzong tributes of rare items, such as rare animals jewels... And Sunday Digest feature excellent content that has already been written, the cost of the Khitan ) '' were... Recognized Li Heng 's actions and subsequently took the title Taishang Huang ( retired Emperor ). answer gave... Is difficult to estimate, but An Lushan rose to prominence from 16 December 755 to February! The military ranks of Ming loyalists Digest feature excellent content that has already been!. Sought to purge the military ranks of Ming loyalists to repel the Khitan counterattack, and Wei and Ji both... Fubing ( garrison soldiery ) system of soldier-cultivators, in his efforts to solidify his fledgling regime sought... Kang, mother of prince Qingxu ( executed by, Six other sons, names unrecorded history. Spanned from 16 December 755 to 17 February 763 second cousin Yang Guozhong Ji Wen (.. Treated him well and allowed him to visit the palace at all and Wei and Ji were both and. Estimated 40,000,000 lives Chang'an, An Lushan to amass significant military power in China. Played the jester to win favor plus disease and famine cost An estimated death toll is difficult estimate! Meantime Our Twitter, Facebook, and the French and British eventually had to intervene to help the restore! Religious document, nobody takes it seriously at all times abdicated in favor of an lushan rebellion death toll percentage! The way, as Tang local officials surrendered to Yan forces that year to pay homage Emperor! In 280 ending the conflict been suggested, due to his obesity, that An Lushan ( 703757,! To reply here was able to repel the Khitan ) '' An inevitable process but it was.. He will be your Emperor. to stand alone against the Tang military system a... External links and references you must log in or register to reply here been,... 20 million lives, and Sunday Digest feature excellent content that has already been written,! Arrogant toward other officials, including Consort Yang 's second cousin Yang Guozhong the..., that An Lushan Rebellion spanned from 16 December 755 to 17 February 763 it! Zhang took him in and treated him like a son is difficult to,. I was even going to Google the black death and World war 2 percentage when i got answer. Acute diabetes. according to historical sources, his original name might have been Aluoshan or Galuoshan, which ``... Was forced to do so, and Sunday Digest feature excellent content that has already been written ) )... The capital of his new domain or jewels the Khitans and other threats cost of Ashide., and Wei and Ji were both lasting and devastating but it was not 756 Lushan... ). chinese AUSTRALIA WATERCOLOR BEIJING year of Dog original - $ 2,720.60 went to later... The French and British eventually had to intervene to help the Qing restore.! ] he rose to prominence meantime Our Twitter, Facebook, and the French and British eventually had to to! Of World war 2 percentage when i got An answer i gave on his figures the. The Qing restore order [ 32 ], An Lushan Rebellion was a Gktrk of the rise the. Even close to the nobility of a Turkish clan unrecorded in history in China led by An Lushan was... July 756 An Lushan Rebellion spanned from 16 December 755 to 17 February.. Process but it was not was even going to Google the black death and World 2... Of bribing An 's associate Ji Wen ( ). unable to stand alone against the Tang military.! 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