dispersion theory and collective unconscious
Next is the shadow. [39] Jung's leading example of this phenomenon was a paranoid-schizophrenic patient who could see the sun's dangling phallus, whose motion caused wind to blow on earth. Dreams were thought to provide key insight into the collective unconscious. It is generally associated with idealism and was coined by Carl Jung. Kali who devours is also Mother Kali, who nurtures. According to Jung, the ego represents the conscious mind as it comprises the thoughts, memories, and emotions a person is aware of. Some of these contents may be recalled to consciousness, as in Sigmund Freud 's notion of the preconscious, but others cannot and are truly unconscious. In scientific circles, a literal interpretation of the collective unconscious is thought to be a pseudoscientific theory. Freud, on the other hand, often suggested that specific symbols represent specific unconscious thoughts. The collective unconscious. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [40], Going beyond the individual mind, Jung believed that "the whole of mythology could be taken as a sort of projection of the collective unconscious". But does Jupiter really sound anything like Zeus? The telephone theory The emigration theory The dispersion theory The theory of the collective unconscious. The names will change, but the song remains the same. Another example is a 2022 study published in Digital Geography and Society that investigates the role that the collective unconscious may play in our thoughts and behaviors while interacting on social media platforms. Alan Watts, the man who helped bring Buddhist sensibilities to the west, was a good friend and drinking buddy of Joseph Campbell. In this way, the patient no longer uncritically transfers their feelings about the archetype onto people in everyday life, and as a result, can develop healthier and more personal relationships. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); The Collective Unconscious Vs.Dispersion, Christopher Vogler's The Writer's Journey: Mythic Structure For Writers, The Huichol, the Flood and Mythological Theories Myth Crafts, The Case for Cultural Misappropriation Myth Crafts, B_, the Ambiguous Ninth Avatar of Vishnu Myth Crafts, HathorsRage, the End of the World, and Blood Red Beer Myth Crafts. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. He believed that archetypes exist in every mind. This is the public face or role a person presents to others as someone different to who we really are (like an actor). A complex is a collection of thoughts, feelings, attitudes, and memories that focus on a single concept. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) believed in a psychodynamic approach to psychology and focused on how the unconscious mind motivates the actions of a person. Yet he also noted that the idea of the unconscious on its own was thought . This theory is concerned with the psychological phenomena of a collective unconscious of the human race and its manifestation in human art, myth, and religion in the form of archetypes. It consists in a sum of psychic factors that are felt to be personal ["The Persona as a Segment of the Collective Psyche," CW 7, par. It allowed us to finally take a different look at mental disorders. The three main ones were the ego, the personal unconscious and the collective unconscious. Why do these stories change? It conceals our real self and Jung describes it as the conformity archetype. Agency can take individual and collective forms. His solution to the problem came in the form of what he called the collective unconscious, which closely resembles Platos conception the realm of forms. The article argued that the purposeful intent requirement found in Supreme Court equal protection doctrine and in the . That was certainly Jungs belief and in his book The Undiscovered Self he argued that many of the problems of modern life are caused by mans progressive alienation from his instinctual foundation. One aspect of this is his views on the significance of the anima and the animus. In addition to the mind consisting of a personal unconscious, which is composed of elements drawn from an individual's life experience, the collective unconscious contains elements or cognitive structures which evolved over human history, and are therefore common to all. "Synchronicity and the Archetypes,". However, in modern Western civilization men are discouraged from living their feminine side and women from expressing masculine tendencies. Jung's theories of synchronicity and the collective unconscious are normally considered by commentators as being very separate pieces of work. My Words; Recents; Settings; Log Out; Games & Quizzes; Thesaurus; Features; Word of the Day; Shop; Join MWU; More . 244.] [12][21] Whereas for most animals intuitive understandings completely intertwine with instinct, in humans the archetypes have become a separate register of mental phenomena. Image source Collective unconscious Carl Jung Anima Animus Roesler, C. (2012). [2] Critics of the collective unconscious concept have called it unscientific and fatalistic, or otherwise very difficult to test scientifically (due to the mystical aspect of the collective unconscious). Another example the African trickster god Rabbit made his way to the Americas via the slave trade. )[72], In a minimalist interpretation of what would then appear as "Jung's much misunderstood idea of the collective unconscious", his idea was "simply that certain structures and predispositions of the unconscious are common to all of us [on] an inherited, species-specific, genetic basis". Finally, they beca psyche/collective unconscious and are shared by all humans. He believed that the concept of the collective unconscious helps to explain why similar themes occur in mythologies around the world. The psychotherapeutic practise of analytical psychology revolves around examining the patient's relationship to the collective unconscious. Wiley Encylop Personal Indiv Diff: Models Theor. Read our, Key Concepts of the Collective Unconscious, Interpretation of the Collective Unconscious, Ongoing Research on the Collective Unconscious, Jung's Theory of Personality and Learning Styles, Theories and Terminology of Personality Psychology, Sigmund Freud's Life, Theories, and Influence, Daily Tips for a Healthy Mind to Your Inbox, Neurobiology of fear and specific phobias, Jungian theory of dreaming and contemporary dream research findings from the research project 'Structural Dream Analysis', Jung as philosopher: Archetypes, the psychoid factor, and the question of the supernatural, Collective unconscious: How gut microbes shape human behavior, The exclusion of others on Facebook: The technological unconscious, the orientalist unconscious, and the European migrant crisis, Genomic instantiation of consciousness in neurons through a biophoton field theory, The microbiome-gut-brain axis in health and disease, Collective unconscious: how gut microbes shape human behavior, Carl Gustav Jung and Granville Stanley Hall on religious experience. [35], In his clinical psychiatry practice, Jung identified mythological elements which seemed to recur in the minds of his patientsabove and beyond the usual complexes which could be explained in terms of their personal lives. According to Jung's teachings, the collective unconscious is common to all human beings. Theory of the collective unconscious . The theory of the collective unconscious is based on archetypes. Variant Myths Versions of the same myth found in the same culture Hubris Excessive pride Pantheon For example, mythology offers many examples of the "dual mother" narrative, according to which a child has a biological mother and a divine mother. "[78] This is the idea of monopsychism. [73] Thus "one could as easily speak of the 'collective arm' meaning the basic pattern of bones and muscles which all human arms share in common."[74]. Milestone 3 Dispersion Theory is the idea that the original archetypal images/myths were conceived within an early central culture and were spread as the culture emigrated. Jung even referred to it as a, "psychic . On the whole modern psychology has not viewed Jungs theory of archetypes kindly. In: Jung, C., Collected Works of C. G. Jung, Vol. The Collective Unconscious, from Kenneth Srensens, article: The Psychosynthesis Model of the Personality. Finally, there is the self which provides a sense of unity in experience. [42] Jung himself said that Freud had discovered a collective archetype, the Oedipus complex, but that it "was the first archetype Freud discovered, the first and only one".[66]. It is the source of both our creative and destructive energies. It is distinct from the personal unconscious, which arises from the experience of the individual. Change). "Psychic conflicts in a child. The psyche of a woman contains masculine aspects (the animus archetype), and the psyche of a man contains feminine aspects (the anima archetype). Jung. [55] Jung compared mass movements to mass psychoses, comparable to demonic possession in which people uncritically channel unconscious symbolism through the social dynamic of the mob and the leader. [20] Archetypes and instincts coexist in the collective unconscious as interdependent opposites, Jung would later clarify. Seligman, M. E. P. (1971). "[38][35] Still better evidence, he felt, came when patients described complex images and narratives with obscure mythological parallels. While he did praise The Hero With A Thousand Faces, it was too Jungian, too archetypal, for his tastes. He was the first to distinguish the two major attitudes or orientations of personality extroversion and introversion (Jung, 1923). [12], In an early definition of the term, Jung writes: "Archetypes are typical modes of apprehension, and wherever we meet with uniform and regularly recurring modes of apprehension we are dealing with an archetype, no matter whether its mythological character is recognized or not. As well as being a cultural icon for generations of psychology undergraduates Jung, therefore, put forward ideas which were important to the development of modern personality theory. 2014;6(3):227-242. doi:10.1080/19409052.2014.921226, Dinan TG, Stilling RM, Stanton C, Cryan JF. Archetypes were patterns from the collective unconscious. "[77] New Age writer Sherry Healy goes further, claiming that Jung himself "dared to suggest that the human mind could link to ideas and motivations called the collective unconscious a body of unconscious energy that lives forever. This mysterious psychological phenomenon expresses itself through certain archetypes - patterns of behavior that turn on in response to specific situations that arise. www.simplypsychology.org/carl-jung.html. Thats where a model based on dispersion makes sense. Jung believed that we inherit these archetypes much in the way we . Because of the protection it implies, the magic circle or mandala can be a form of mother archetype. [30] Based on his interpretation of synchronicity and extra-sensory perception, Jung argued that psychic activity transcended the brain. It's actually something like a proto-evo-psych theory about the . Carl Jung: Swiss psychologist. The collective unconscious has been controversial within the field of psychology ever since its introduction. Though initially Jung followed the Freudian theory of unconscious as the psychic strata formed by repressed wishes, he later developed his own theory to include some new concepts. 2 Reviews. It is the mind of our unknown ancestors, their way of thinking and feeling, their way of experiencing life and the world, gods and men. The preference for distinct contrasts is hypothesized to . While the alliance between Freud and Jung didn't stand the test of time, Jung's idea itself ultimately did, and the collective unconscious arguably . The persona (or mask) is the outward face we present to the world. Universe is physical. Each influences a different aspect of . 1. He found that although the images did not elicit significantly different responses to questions about whether they were "interesting" or "pleasant", but did provoke highly significant differences in response to the statement: "If I were to keep this image with me forever, I would be". [41], Popperian critic Ray Scott Percival disputes some of Jung's examples and argues that his strongest claims are not falsifiable. The existence of the collective unconscious means that individual consciousness is anything but a tabula rasa and is not immune to predetermining influences. Swiss psychiatrist Carl Jung's theory suggested that these archetypes were archaic forms of innate human knowledge passed down from our ancestors. Thus, deep-seated beliefs regarding spirituality are explained as partially due to the genetically-inherited unconscious. [50][51] Understanding the power of the collective unconscious can help an individual to navigate through life. Sometimes he seems to regard the predisposition to experience certain images as understandable in terms of some genetic model"[75] as with the collective arm. The collective unconscious is supposedly transmitted through brain structures and is the deepest layer of the psyche. Some of us will have conflicts with our parents, or our tribes, some of us experience violence, some of us receive love. Collective unconscious. Ally: Someone who makes the commitment and effort to recognize their privilege (based on gender, class, race, sexual identity, etc.) Behavior Therapy, 2(3), 307-20. Jung also distinguished the collective unconscious and collective consciousness, between which lay "an almost unbridgeable gulf over which the subject finds himself suspended". Even a simple hungry feeling can lead to many different responses, including metaphorical sublimation. The collective consciousness informs our sense of belonging and identity, and our behavior. In this sense, archetypes express the instincts in a biological sense, but at the same time they understand the spiritual . Medical Reviewers confirm the content is thorough and accurate, reflecting the latest evidence-based research. Similarly, morals, ethics, and concepts of fairness or right and wrong could be explained in the same way, with the collective unconscious as partially responsible. [19], On exactly one night in its entire lifetime, the yucca moth discovers pollen in the opened flowers of the yucca plant, forms some into a pellet, and then transports this pellet, with one of its eggs, to the pistil of another yucca plant. According to Jung, these mythological images or cultural symbols are not static or fixed. Sometimes referred to as the "objective psyche," the collective conscious refers to the idea that a segment of the deepest unconscious mind is genetically inherited and not shaped by personal experience. Jung writes: We have only to disregard the dependence of dream language on environment and substitute "eagle" for "aeroplane," "dragon" for "automobile" or "train," "snake-bite" for "injection," and so forth, in order to arrive at the more universal and more fundamental language of mythology. In other words, the same symbols mean similar things to different people. Verywell Mind's content is for informational and educational purposes only. Omissions? Arch G. Woodside, Carol M. Megehee, & Suresh Sood, "Conversations with(in) the collective unconscious by consumers, brands, and relevant others"; Tony Edwards, "Mind Over Matter: What today's account planners need to know"; Adrian Carr, "Jung, archetypes and mirroring in organizational change management". The Theory. And of course, some of us move. Its simply this: people move. It consists of pre-existent forms, the archetypes, which can only become conscious secondarily and which give definite form to certain psychic contents. He is responsible for proposing and developing the psychological concepts of the collective unconscious, along with introverted and extroverted personalities. The concept of imprinting in ethology is one well-studied example, dealing most famously with the Mother constructs of newborn animals. Percival takes especial issue with Jung's claim that major scientific discoveries emanate from the collective unconscious and not from unpredictable or innovative work done by scientists. Twenty years ago, Professor Charles Lawrence wrote "The Id, The Ego, and Equal Protection: Reckoning With Unconscious Racism." This article is considered a foundational document of Critical Race Theory and is one of the most influential and widely cited law review articles. It is generally associated with idealism and was coined by Carl Jung. In this respect, psychology may be compared to astronomy, the phenomena of which also cannot be enclosed within a controlled setting. [16], A complete list of archetypes cannot be made, nor can differences between archetypes be absolutely delineated. function Gsitesearch(curobj){curobj.q.value="site:"+domainroot+" "+curobj.qfront.value}. [52], Practitioners of analytic psychotherapy, Jung cautioned, could become so fascinated with manifestations of the collective unconscious that they facilitated their appearance at the expense of their patient's well-being. 2022;3:100033. doi:10.1016/j.diggeo.2022.100033, Cacha L, Poznanski R. Genomic instantiation of consciousness in neurons through a biophoton field theory. J Psychiatr Res. The anima/animus is the mirror image of our biological sex, that is, the unconscious feminine side in males and the masculine tendencies in women. "[10], As modern humans go through their process of individuation, moving out of the collective unconscious into mature selves, they establish a personawhich can be understood simply as that small portion of the collective psyche which they embody, perform, and identify with. For Jung, the purpose of psychic energy was to motivate the individual in a number of important ways, including spiritually, intellectually, and creatively. While these archetypes are universal, their expression from individual to individual, and culture to culture, are unique, accounting for the apparent differences in myths. Carducci B. Carl Jung. The theor proposed by: Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, stated that such unconscious processes may affect a person's behaviour even though he cannot report on them. The archetype is often associated with things and places standing for fertility and fruitfulness: the cornucopia, a ploughed field, a garden. [49] At the same time, archetypes covertly organize human experience and memory, their powerful effects becoming apparent only indirectly and in retrospect. Journal of Analytical Psychology, 57(2), 223-246. Jung argues that these archetypes are products of the collective experience of men and women living together. At times, the collective unconscious can terrify, but it can also heal. The Romans openly took their religions from the Greeks. It could mean the soul leaving the mortal body and connecting with the heavenly spheres, or it may mean that someone is sexually impotent, in that they have had their spiritual ego body engaged. A philosopher, psychoanalyst and a disciple of Freud, CG Jung treated the human self as the totality of all psychic processes considering the Freudian concept of individual consciousness as incomplete and unnecessarily negative, Jung proposed a second and far deeper level of the unconscious . Collective unconscious (German: kollektives Unbewusstes) refers to the unconscious mind and shared mental concepts. II. This activity cannot be "learned"; it makes more sense to describe the yucca moth as experiencing intuition about how to act. Regarding the claim that all humans exhibit certain patterns of mind, Percival argues that these common patterns could be explained by common environments (i.e. Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Because all people have families, encounter plants and animals, and experience night and day, it should come as no surprise that they develop basic mental structures around these phenomena. This artist, as you see, had a love of the human figure and allowed his imagination to play around that. The collective unconscious refers to that part of the unconscious mind that is common to all human beings. Princeton University Press, 1969 - Psychology - 451 pages. Patterns show up, and ever since anthropologist James George Frazier wrote his landmark work, The Golden Bough (which is still in print, over 125 years later), people have tried to explain these recurring themes. C G Jung. Jung also believed that the collective unconscious is responsible for a number of deep-seated beliefs and instincts, such as spirituality, sexual behavior, and life and death instincts. Historically, there has been some debate around whether the collective unconscious requires a literal or symbolic interpretation. Questions arising from conceptualizations of the archetype. Block, MD, is an award-winning, board-certified psychiatrist who operates a private practice in Pennsylvania. When an artist has a figure from the collective unconscious, he at once begins to play with it esthetically, and usually makes some concretization of it as a monument, etc. This is why, according to Jung, Christ (son of God) is a symbol of . The personal unconscious consists of everything subliminal, forgotten, and repressed in an individual's life. We cannot, therefore, make controlled experiments to prove the existence of the collective unconscious, for the psyche of man, holistically conceived, cannot be brought under laboratory conditions without doing violence to its nature. Researchers are continuously trying to increase their understanding of the collective unconscious. He believed that the psyche was divided into three parts (tripartite), the id, the ego and the superego, and all three develop at different stages in our lives. Jung (1947) believes symbols from different cultures are often very similar because they have emerged from archetypes shared by the whole human race which are part of our collective unconscious. (LogOut/ This is the animal side of our personality (like the id in Freud). Jung also spoke of a concept called ' archetypes ' in reference to the collective unconscious. The reasons behind some of these disputes are due to the obscurity with which Jung presents his theories. It may also be because his ideas were a little more mystical and obscure, and less clearly explained. memory traces, which are shared with other members of human species (Jung, 1928). 2015;63:1-9. doi:10.1016/j.psychires.2015.02.021, Kim C. Carl Gustav Jung and Granville Stanley Hall on religious experience. Jung, C. G. (1928). [31] In alchemy, Jung found that plain water, or seawater, corresponded to his concept of the collective unconscious.[32]. Jung surmised that the collective unconscious was one shared by all people. This notion was originally defined by psychoanalyst Carl Jung. The mind is generated by the brain. These are not arguments against the collective unconscious in the sense that I understand it from reading Jung, because the collective unconscious is not a metaphysical theory about the relationship between minds and brains. 451 p. (p. 3-41). You know him: his name is Bugs Bunny. For example, a picture of a diamond represented "self"; a square represented "Earth". "[13] He traces the term back to Philo, Irenaeus, and the Corpus Hermeticum, which associate archetypes with divinity and the creation of the world, and notes the close relationship of Platonic ideas.[14]. Please keep in mind that this is a short speech and there is a great deal more to theory . Just as the human body is a museum, so to speak, of its phylogenetic history, so too is the psyche. As such, unconsciousness is never entirely divorced from the consciousness within the individual, and one necessarily informs the other. [42], This latter example has been the subject of contentious debate, and Jung critic Richard Noll has argued against its authenticity. In Jungian psychology, there are five different archetypes: the shadow, anima, animus, persona and the wise old man or mana-personality. Jung labeled these archetypes the Self, the Persona, the Shadow and the Anima/Animus. The circular shape of the flying saucer confirms its symbolic connection to repressed but psychically necessary ideas of divinity. In Engestrms' approach to collective learning, the concept of a working system is central. [7] He said: My thesis then, is as follows: in addition to our immediate consciousness, which is of a thoroughly personal nature and which we believe to be the only empirical psyche (even if we tack on the personal unconscious as an appendix), there exists a second psychic system of a collective, universal, and impersonal nature which is identical in all individuals. Alan Maloney, "Preference ratings of images representing archetypal themes: an empirical study of the concept of archetypes"; Sherry Salman, "The creative psyche: Jung's major contributions" in Young-Eisendrath & Dawson (eds.). Added to this list there are many animals, such as the cow, hare, and helpful animals in general. 2017;46(1):77-89. doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2016.09.007, Dinan T, Stilling R, Stanton C, Cryan J. This is because it is difficult to scientifically prove that images of mythology and other cultural symbols are inherited and present at birth. The Collective Unconscious Vs. Dispersion When we look across the various myths of the world, certain commonalities emerge. But thats not enough to account for the wide range of myths. One criticism of Jung is that there is no evidence that archetypes are biologically based or similar to animal instincts (Roesler, 2012). London: Ark Paperbacks. Young-Eisendrath, Polly, & Terrence Dawson (eds. For Jung, the result was that the full psychological development both sexes was undermined. Int J Jungian Studies. The Collective Unconscious Vs. Dispersion When we look across the various myths of the world, certain commonalities emerge. In line with evolutionary theory, it may be that Jungs archetypes reflect predispositions that once had survival value. September 2015 Diversity Resource Center, 104 WCG, 692-4776, uwtdrc@uw.edu . The theory of collective unconsciousness is vast and extremely enticing as well informative. Psychological types. Instead, dreams are merely electrical brain impulses that pull random thoughts and imagery from our memories. [46], Maloney (1999) asked people questions about their feelings to variations on images featuring the same archetype: some positive, some negative, and some non-anthropomorphic. These instincts, listed in order of increasing abstraction, elicit and constrain human behavior, but also leave room for freedom in their implementation and especially in their interplay. Jung, C. G. (1921). For example, Freud (1915) found that some events and desires were often too frightening or painful for his patients to acknowledge, and believed such information was locked away in the unconscious mind. Jung found a direct analogue of this idea in the "Mithras Liturgy", from the Greek Magical Papyri of Ancient Egyptonly just translated into Germanwhich also discussed a phallic tube, hanging from the sun, and causing wind to blow on earth. These archetypes dwell in a world beyond the chronology of a human lifespan, developing on an evolutionary timescale. However, by far the most important difference between Jung and Freud is Jungs notion of the collective (or transpersonal) unconscious. It is composed of archetypes, which are simple. (1970). We take our stories, and we take our storytellers, whether we call them Shamans, Elders or Priests. The myth of the collective unconscious This essay challenges the most basic tenet of Jung's analytical psychology, namely, the existence of the collective unconscious. In "The Significance of Constitution and Heredity in Psychology" (November 1929), Jung wrote: And the essential thing, psychologically, is that in dreams, fantasies, and other exceptional states of mind the most far-fetched mythological motifs and symbols can appear autochthonously at any time, often, apparently, as the result of particular influences, traditions, and excitations working on the individual, but more often without any sign of them. Which Jung presents his theories Rabbit made his way to the west, was good! Are not static or fixed connection to repressed but psychically necessary ideas of divinity this mysterious psychological phenomenon itself... Anima animus Roesler, C., Collected Works of C. G. Jung, the collective unconscious is on. 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